Maîtrise en droit, LL.M.
de
l'Université du Québec à Montréal

Département des sciences juridiques


Les mémoires des étudiantes et des étudiants des maîtrises en droit


Woo, Li Xiu(Grace Emma Slykhuis). 2000. Le Canada c. La Confédération Haudenosaunee (Iroquoise) à la Société des Nations : Deux revendications d`indépendance (Canada v. The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy at the League of Nations : Two Quests for Independence).


Résumé
Abstract
Table des matières
RÉSUMÉ

En 1923, la Confédération Haudenosaunee -- autrement connue sous le nom des Six Nations Iroquoises -- demande à être admise à la Société des Nations en invoquant le fait que le Canada a violé leur droit à l'indépendance. L'année suivante, le Canada impose la constitution d'un conseil élu en vertu de sa Loi sur les Sauvages, modifiant ainsi le mode traditionnel de gouvernement des Six Nations, mode qui existait avant la colonisation européenne de l'Amérique. Depuis cette date, les demandes autochtones quant à leur souveraineté ont été exclues des forums internationaux, même si aujourd'hui le Conseil de la confédération Haudenosaunee se réunit toujours, que les Iroquois recherchent encore le support international et que la majorité des membres des Six Nations ne participent pas aux élections canadiennes.

Cette histoire est peu connue du grand public, mais Deskaheh, le chef ayant représenté les Six Nations à Genève, est considéré comme un héro au sein des premières nations du Canada. Grâce à des documents ou copies de documents d'archive de la Société des Nations, du Canada et des Pays-Bas, ce mémoire reconstruit les événements ayant conduit à la demande d'admission à la Société des Nations et en démontre les conséquences. Les Six Nations affirmaient que leur situation était unique. Elles avaient émigré au nord, vers un territoire longeant la Grand River, après la révolution américaine en raison de promesses faites par la Grande-Bretagne à l'effet qu'elles seraient compensées pour toute perte résultant de leur alliance militaire avec les britanniques. Leur tentative d'obtenir un arbitrage concernant leur statut fut appuyée à divers moments par les Pays-Bas, la Perse, l'Irlande, l'Estonie et le Panama, mais leur cause ne fut jamais entendue. Le département canadien des affaires indiennes fut en mesure de contrôler la politique canadienne à l'égard des demandes de la Confédération Haudenosaunee dans le cadre de la reformulation du droit international suivant la première guerre mondiale. Paradoxalement, alors même que la Confédération Haudenosaunee se voyait privée du droit à un gouvernement autonome, le Canada voyait reconnaître son indépendance à l'égard de l'empire britannique.

Ce que le Canada et les Six Nations recherchaient dans les années 1920 était pratiquement identique. Les deux entités revendiquaient le droit de se gouverner elles-mêmes selon leurs propres lois et coutumes et luttaient pour maintenir ce qu'elles identifiaient comme un statu quo. Elles se retrouvèrent en situation d'adversaires en raison de la divergence fondamentale opposant leurs perceptions des règles gouvernant leurs relations. Les Haudenosaunee, qui se percevaient comme des alliés et non des sujets britanniques, interprètèrent la Charte de la Société des Nations comme une réaffirmation d'anciens accords symbolisés par le "Two Row Wampum" et le "Covenant Chain". Leurs présomptions d'un statut égalitaire était en conflit avec les valeurs hiérarchiques de l'empire britannique. Les Canadiens croyaient que les Six Nations étaient des sujets britanniques dont l'existence ne dépendait que de la gouverne de la Couronne, et qu'ils avaient de ce fait l'obligation d'obéir aux lois adoptées par le parlement canadien, y compris la Loi sur les Sauvages. Il considéraient également que l'indépendance des Six Nations constituerait une violation de l'intégrité territoriale du Canada, alors que les Six Nations affirmaient que le Canada leur déniait la libre jouissance de la parcelle de territoire restante après des années de tergiversations et de mauvaise gestion des administrateurs coloniaux. L'interprétation de ces événements dépend d'un choix analytique. Ce texte se veut une présentation des faits devant servir de fondement à une interprétation future.

IROQUOIS/CANADIEN/AUTOCHTONE/CONSTITUTIONNEL/HISTOIRE/DESKAHEH/SOCIÉTÉ DES NATIONS/INDIGÈNES/INTERNATIONAL/DROITS DE L'HOMME/LOI


ABSTRACT

In 1923 the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, otherwise known as the Iroquois Six Nations, applied for membership in the League of Nations complaining that Canada had violated their right to independence. The following year Canada imposed a council elected under the Canadian Indian Act displacing the Six Nations' traditional form of government founded before European colonization of America. Since that time claims to indigenous sovereignty have been excluded from international fora, yet to this day the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council continues to meet, the Iroquois continue to seek international support and the majority of the Six Nations people refuse to participate in Canadian elections.

This story is little known to the general public, however, Deskaheh, the Royaner or Chief who represented the Six Nations in Geneva, is a hero to Canada's First Nations. Using copies of archival documents from the League of Nations, Canada and the Netherlands this paper reconstructs the events leading up to the League of Nations application and recounts the consequences. The Six Nations claimed their situation was unique. They had moved north to a territory along the Grand River following the American Revolution because of Britain's promise that they would be compensated for any losses suffered because of their military alliance. Their attempt to obtain a neutral adjudication of their status was supported at various times by the Netherlands, Persia, Ireland, Estonia and Panama, yet their case was never heard. Canada's Department of Indian Affairs was able to control Canadian policy regarding the Haudenosaunee complaint during the reformulation of international law that followed World War I. Paradoxically, at the very same time that the Six Nations were being deprived of the right to autonomous self-government at the local level, Canada was gaining international recognition for its independence from the British Empire.

What Canada and the Six Nations were seeking in the 1920's was almost identical. Both wanted the right to govern themselves according to local laws and customs and both struggled to maintain what they saw as the status quo. They found themselves pitted against each other because their presumptions concerning the rules governing their relationship differed. The Haudenosaunee who saw themselves as allies, not subjects of Britain, interpreted the Covenant of the League of Nations as a restatement of ancient accords symbolized by the Two Row Wampum and the Covenant Chain. Their egalitarian presumptions conflicted with the hierarchical values of the British Empire. Canadians believed the Six Nations were British subjects and wards of the Crown with an obligation to obey the laws passed by Canada's parliament, including the Indian Act. They thought Six Nations independence would violate Canada's territorial integrity, while the Six Nations complained that Canada was denying them free use of the little land that was left to them following years of equivocation and mismanagement by colonial officials. How these events are interpreted will depend on the analytical framework chosen. This paper sets out the facts as a basis for future analysis.



IROQUOIS/CANADIAN/ABORIGINAL/CONSTITUTIONAL/HISTORY/DESKAHEH LEAGUE OF NATIONS/INDIGENOUS/INTERNATIONAL/HUMAN RIGHTS/LAW


TABLE OF CONTENTS

OUTLINE

Dedication & Thanks

Outline

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations

Resumé français

English Résumé

PART I THE FOCUS OF INQUIRY

Chapter 1 Introduction

PART II HISTORICAL & CULTURAL FOUNDATION

Chapter 2 Constitutional Conceptions - The Ladder & The Chain

Chapter 3 Shifting Perspectives: Consequences of the American Revolt

PART III THE QUESTS FOR RECOGNITION

Chapter 4 Appeals to the British Crown:

Chapter 5 The League of Nations Process:

Chapter 6 The Canadian Solution: Modernization or a Coup?

Chapter 7 Disillusionment & Adaptation:

CONCLUSION

Appendix A Chronology of Events

Appendix B List of Agents Government Officials &

Appendix C Archival Documents

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES CITED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION & THANKS

OUTLINE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

RESUMÉ FRANÇAIS

ENGLISH RÉSUMÉ

PART I

THE FOCUS OF INQUIRY

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 THE CANADIAN QUEST: Autonomy within the British Empire

1.1.1 Canadians were British Subjects

1.1.2 The Emergence of a Distinct Canadian Interest

1.2 THE SIX NATIONS QUEST: Egalitarian alliance

1.2.1 "State", "Nation" or "People": Modern Legal Definitions

1.2.2 The Post World War I Perspective

1.2.3 The Modern Relevance

1.3 CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC BIAS

1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES

PART II . HISTORICAL & CULTURAL FOUNDATION

CHAPTER 2

CONSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS: The Ladder & the Chain

2.1 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

2.1.1 Hierarchical Protection under English Feudalism

2.1.1.1 Subjects & Allegiance

2.1.1.2 Coronation

2.1.1.3 Dominium (Sovereignty)

2.1.1.4 Common Land and Enclosure

2.1.1.5 Enfranchisement

2.1.1.6 Jurisdictions

2.1.1.7 Courts of Law

2.1.1.8 Parliament

2.1.2 The Expansion of British Imperial Ideology

2.2 THE FUR TRADE & THE TWO ROW WAMPUM:-

Separate but Equal

2.2.1 Symbiotic Co-existence

2.2.2 The Superintendent General of Indian Affairs

2.3 THE HAUDENOSAUNEE CONSTITUTION

& EGALITARIAN VALUES

2.3.1 The Influence of Haudenosaunee Philosophy

2.3.2 The Haudenosaunee Constitution

CHAPTER 3

SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES: Consequences of the American Revolt

3.1 PROTECTION UNDER THE ROYAL PROCLAMATION OF 1763

3.2 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: Liberty for British Subjects

3.2.1 British Institutional Evolution

3.2.2 The Haudenosaunee Move to Grand River

3.2.3 Civilian Transfer of the Indian Department

3.2.4 "Responsible Government" for Canadian Settlers

3.3 19TH CENTURY CO-EXISTENCE AT GRAND RIVER

3.3.1 Loss of Land & Assets

3.3.2 Economic & Social Adaptation

3.3.3 19th Century Voting Rights at Grand River

3.3.3.1 The Federal Franchise<

3.3.3.2 Local Movements for Electoral Reform

PART III

THE QUESTS FOR RECOGNITION

CHAPTER 4

APPEALS TO THE BRITISH CROWN:

Failure of British Protection or Canadian self-government?

4.1 THE INITIAL COMPLAINT

4.1.1 Petition for S.C.C. referral, 12 March 1920

4.1.1.1 Chisholm's legal argument

4.1.2 Bill 14 to Amend the Indian Act

4.1.2.1 Popular Reaction

4.1.2.2 The Parliamentary Committee on Bill 14

4.1.2.3 The Commons Debate

4.1.2.4 The Senate Debate

4.1.3 "Canada's" Response to the Petition

4.1.4 The Foundation for the Order

4.1.4.1 The Official Evidentiary Foundation

i) The Superintendent's Report

ii) The Department of Justice "Legal Opinion"

4.1.4.2 Other Evidence in the Indian Affairs File

i) The Mysterious Chisholm Memo

ii) Ewart's Memo

iii) An incomplete legal memo

4.1.4.3 A Summary of the Evidence

4.1.5 The 27 November 1920 Order in Council

4.2 THE PETITION TO CANADA'S GOVERNOR GENERAL

4.2.1 Sero v. Gault & Canada's Response

4.3 THE PETITION TO THE KING OF ENGLAND

4.3.1 Passports

4.3.2 Presentation at the Colonial Office

4.3.3 Affirmation of Canadian Independence:

4.4 NEGOTIATIONS FOR ARBITRATION

4.4.1 Escalating Tensions

4.4.2 The Superintendent's Intervention

4.4.3 Canada Offers a Royal Commission

4.4.4 Repeal of Compulsory Enfranchisement

4.4.5 The Six Nations Accept the "Offer to Confer"

4.4.6 Calm before the Storm: Actions, Reactions and Negotiations

4.4.7 A Break Through: Solutions Offered

4.5 THE R.C.M.P. RAID

4.6 THE APPEAL TO THE QUEEN OF THE NETHERLANDS

4.7 POLARIZATION OF PERSPECTIVES

CHAPTER 5

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS PROCESS:

Procedural domination or the Rule of Law?

5.1 THE PETITION TO THE QUEEN OF THE NETHERLANDS

5.1.1 Diplomatic Context - Chanak & The Halibut Treaty

5.1.2 Referral of the Petition to the League

5.1.3 Response by the League's Secretariat

5.1.4 Canada's Defence

5.1.5 The Netherlands Reply

5.1.6 The Secretariat's Equivocation

5.2 THE LONDON APPLICATION FOR LEAGUE MEMBERSHIP

5.2.1 The Response of the British Administration

5.2.2 The Secretariat's Response

5.3 THE APPLICATION TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSEMBLY

5.3.2 Rumours and False Reports

5.4 MEMBERSHIP SUPPORT: Persia, Ireland, Panama, Estonia

5.4.1 Art.10 of the Covenant: Protection from Aggression

5.4.2 Letter to the League's Assembly

5.5 COLLATERAL ATTEMPTS TO NEGOTIATE

5.6 THE PERSIAN APPLICATION TO THE LEAGUE'S COUNCIL

CHAPTER 6

THE CANADIAN SOLUTION: MODERNIZATION OR A COUP?

6.1 THE DOMINION'S PREPARATIONS

6.1.1 The Thompson Report

6.1.2 Scott's Reply to The Redman's Appeal for Justice

6.2 A PROCEDURAL DILEMMA FOR THE SECRETARIAT

6.2.1 British Imperial Displeasure

6.2.2. Exclusion of the Six Nations

6.3 THE FALL OF THE "OLDEST GOVERNMENT IN CANADA"

6.3.1 Canada's Order for an "Elective" Council

6.3.2 Council Election under Canada's Indian Act

6.3.2.1 Dismissal of the Confederacy Council

6.3.2.2 Seizure of the Confederacy Council Wampum

6.3.2.3 Nomination of Candidates

6.3.2.4 Assuring the Supremacy of God

6.3.2.5 Election Day

6.3.3 Discrediting Deskaheh

6.3.4 Continuation of the Confederacy Council

6.3.5 Filing the Thompson Report "for Information"

6.3.6 The Death of Levi General Deskaheh

CHAPTER 7

DISILLUSIONMENT & ADAPTATION:

The Consequences of Exclusion from the League of Nations

7.1 CANADA AT HOME: Institutional After-effects

7.1.1 R.C.M.P. Jurisdiction

7.1.2 Atkins v. Davis - The Sheriff's Jurisdiction

7.1.3 Miller v. Morgan - the Agricultural Hall

7.1.4 Sky v. Morgan - The Wampum Case

7.1.4.1 Symbolic Significance of the Wampum

7.1.4.2 Political Significance of the Wampum

7.1.4.3 The People's Attempts to Retrieve the Wampum

7.1.5 Disloyal Loyalists<

7.1.5.1 Problems with the 1925 Elections & Council

7.1.5.2 Problems with the 1926 Elections & Council

7.1.6 Non-Recognition of the Confederacy

7.1.7 Morgan's Rules: Abolition of Elected Council Meetings

7.2 CANADA ABROAD: Equal Status in the Commonwealth

7.2.1 Re-orientation of the British Empire

7.2.2 King v Byng: "Autonomy" v. Imperialism in Canada

7.2.3 The Imperial Conference of 1926

7.2.4 Dandurand & Minority Rights

7.2.4.1 The Fire-Proof House

7.2.4.2 Reforming Complaints Procedure.

7.2.5 The "Commission of Indigenes"

7.2.6 The Statute of Westminster

7.2.7 Excluding "Indians" from the World Court

7.2.8 Ockleshaw-Johnson & the Final Appeal to the League

7.3 CONSTITUTIONAL UNCERTAINTY:

The Continuing Carnival at Grand River

7.3.1 Ignoring the Six Nations at the United Nations

7.3.2 Resolving Matters Internally: the 1959 "Iroquois Up-Rising"

7.3.3 Logan v. A.G. Canada? or Logan v. Styres?

7.3.4 The 1960 Federal Franchise: Assimilation by Fiat

7.3.5 Davey v. Isaac: Canada v. the Confederacy

or a "dispute between two groups of Indians"?

7.3.5.1 "The Indian Act is inoperative": Ont. H.C. 1973

7.3.5.2 "The Crown's position has never changed":

Ont. C.A. 1974

7.3.5.3 Six Nations are a Band: S.C.C. 1977

7.3.6 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

7.3.7 Maracle v. the Six Nations Council

7.3.8 R. v. Operation Dismantle

CONCLUSION

Summary of the Facts

The Questions Raised

VOLUME II

APPENDIX A CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS

APPENDIX B LIST OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS & AGENTS

APPENDIX C ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS

1. Simcoe's "Deed" 14 January, 1793.

2. Power of Attorney to Joseph Brant, 2 November, 1796.

3. Joseph Brant to William Claus, 24 November, 1796.

4. Petition to the Governor General, 19 May, 1890.

5. Order in Council, 13 November, 1890.

6. Order in Council, 22 May, 1909.

7. Six Nations Council Minutes, 19 March, 1918.

8. Petition to the Governor-General in Council, 12 Mar.1920.

9. Order in Council, 27 November, 1920.

10. Petition to the Governor General, 10 May, 1921.

11. Petition to King George V, 25 August, 1921

-Letter from Deskaheh to the Colonial Office

-Memorandum

-Ex.A. Letter from Frank Oliver, 5 April, 1909.

-Ex.B. Haldimand Treaty

12.Communication to the League of Nations Council, 7 Aug. 1923

-Letter from Netherlands Legation, 26 April, 1926.

-Petition to the Queen of the Netherlands, 7 Dec. 1922.

-Letter from Joseph Pope (Canada) 25 May, 1923.

13. The Redman's Appeal for Justice, 6th August, 1923.

14. Order in Council 17 September, 1924.

15. Declaration of Chief or Councillor, 6 November, 1924.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES CITED